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Everything you wanted to know about sex
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Click on a method for more information
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Method |
Typical Use |
Perfect Use |
* Source: Contraceptive Technologies,
1994,
updated from J. Trussell, R.A. Hatcher, F.H. Stewart,
and K. Kost "Contraceptive Failures in the United States:
An Update, "Studies in Family Planning 21 [1], 1990.
How it works
Covers penis and stops sperm from going into vagina
Some condom brands have lubrication on them which destroys sperm
How it's used
Rolled on erect penis to the base before penis gets near vagina or
other body opening
Room is left at tip of condom to collect sperm.
Condom is held on penis when it's pulled out of vagina to keep sperm
from going into vagina.
Each condom is used only once.
Avoid use of oil-based lubricants such as petroleum jelly, baby oil
and hand lotion.
Use a latex condom.
Concerns
Must be used correctly every time.
Vaginal Spermicides (foam, jelly, cream, suppositories, film)
How it works
Destroys sperm when they go into vagina
How it's used
Inserted into vagina no more than 20 minutes before sexual
intercourse
Reapply before each act of intercourse.
Benefits
No major health concerns
No exam needed
Can be bought in a store without prescription
Concerns
Sometimes a man or woman is allergic to a certain brand (can change
brands).
How it works
Releases a hormone that interferes with eggs leaving the ovaries
Gradually releases a hormone that thickens cervical mucus which
hinders movement of sperm into uterus
Causes changes in the lining of the uterus that interfere with
ability of fertilized egg to implant in the uterus
How it's used
Exam needed to check blood pressure, breasts, pelvis
An injection which prevents pregnancy for three months is given in
the buttock or upper arm.
Clinic visit is required at the end of three months for another
injection.
Benefits
Doesn't interrupt sex
Relatively long-lasting and highly effective
Easily reversed by not having another injection
Concerns
May cause irregular periods, including prolonged menstrual bleeding,
spotting between periods, very little bleeding or no bleeding at all.
If heavy bleeding occurs, call the clinic.
Minor side effects may include weight gain, mood changes, tender
breasts, acne, mild hair loss.
Medical risks include increased risk of blood clots or stroke for
women with certain risk factors and medical conditions.
Call the clinic or doctor immediately if you have chest or abdominal
pain, severe leg pain, blurred vision, bad headaches, numbness, or
pain, pus or bleeding at the injection site.
How it works
Gradually releases a hormone that thickens cervical mucus which
hinders movement of sperm into uterus
Interferes with ovulation
Causes changes in the lining of the uterus that interfere with
ability of fertilized egg to implant in the uterus
How it's used
Six match-sized capsules are inserted under the skin of the upper arm
in a fan-like pattern.
Once the capsules are inserted, the contraceptive benefits last for
up to five years.
Clinic visit required for insertion and removal
Benefits
Doesn't interrupt sex
Long-lasting and highly effective
No need to worry about birth control again for five years
Effect is easily reversed by removing the implants
The implant site is comfortable and barely visible.
Becomes effective within 24 hours after insertion
Concerns
The implants may be slightly visible.
Most women have no major problems with Norplant, but minor
side effects can occur. If you experience any of the following
problems, contact your clinician: severe lower abdominal pain, heavy
vaginal bleeding, arm pain, pus or bleeding at the insertion site,
expulsion of an implant, delayed periods after a long interval of
regular periods, migraine headaches, repeated very painful headaches,
or blurred vision.
May cause irregular periods. Changes in bleeding patterns can
include: prolonged menstrual bleeding, spotting between periods, very
little bleeding or no bleeding at all. Irregular bleeding is normal;
however, if heavy bleeding occurs, call your clinician.
How it works
Hormones in pills stop eggs from leaving the ovaries.
Causes changes in cervical mucus which hinder movement of sperm into
uterus
How it's used
Exam needed to check blood pressure, breasts, pelvis
One pill is taken at the same time each day.
Pills must be taken regularly.
Benefits
Easy to use
Doesn't interrupt sex
May decrease menstrual cramps
Decreases risk of certain kinds of cancer
Provides some protection against tubal infection called PID (pelvic
inflammatory disease)
Concerns
Minor side effects may include nausea, bloated feeling, light or
missed periods, spotting between periods, weight gain or loss, tender
breasts, mood changes. If these happen, don't stop the pill, do call
your clinician.
Medical risks include increased risk of blood clots, heart attack and
stroke in women with certain risk factors and medical conditions.
Call your clinician right away for severe leg pain, chest or
abdominal pain, blurred vision, bad headaches, numbness, shortness of
breath.
How it works
Covers opening to uterus
Holds contraceptive cream or jelly which destroys sperm
How it's used
Exam needed to measure correct size
Cervical cap or diaphragm with cream or jelly is inserted into vagina
before sexual intercourse.
Left in place at least 6 hours after intercourse, but not longer than
24 hours
Benefits
No major health concerns
Diaphragm or cervical cap can be reused many times if properly cared
for.
Concerns
Sometimes a man or woman is allergic to a brand of cream or jelly
(can change brands).
May lead to increased risk of urinary tract infection (bladder
infection)
May increase risk of toxic shock if used during period.
How it works
Inner ring covers opening to uterus (cervix), an outer ring covers
the outside of the vagina, stopping sperm from entering.
How it's used
Prior to intercourse, closed end is inserted into vagina past the
pubic bone, leaving the open outside ring outside of vagina.
Each condom is used only once.
Do not use together with male condom - they will stick together and
tear.
Concerns
Effectiveness rate not yet established
Lubricate adequately
Must be used correctly every time
Natural Family Planning and Fertility Awareness Method
How it Works
Women learn to recognize their fertile time (when they can get
pregnant) and infertile time (when they can't get pregnant) by:
checking temperature and cervical mucus daily
keeping a record of their periods
How it's used
Special classes needed to learn the method
Natural Family Planning users do not have intercourse during fertile
time if pregnancy is not desired.
Benefits
No major health concerns
Also helpful in planning pregnancy
Allowed by most religious groups
Concerns
Must check temperature and mucus every day
Difficult for women with irregular cycles
Needs partner's cooperation to abstain during fertile periods
Permanent Methods (Sterilization)
How it works
Sexual pleasure is not decreased.
Women have tubal ligation, an operation which separates and blocks
the tubes between the ovaries and uterus so that sperm cannot reach
eggs.
Men have a vasectomy, an operation which separates the tubes between
the testes and penis so they can still ejaculate (come) though there
is no sperm in their semen (fluid).
How it's used
Requires surgery
Benefits
It's permanent. No need to worry about birth control
Doesn't interrupt sex
Concerns
Rarely reversible
Some pain shortly after operation
Slight chance of minor infection after surgery
A small percentage of sterilized people later change their mind and
regret not being able to have children.
How it works
Thought to keep fertilized egg from attaching to uterus or to
interfere with conception
How it's used
Exam needed to check uterus and insert IUD
You check IUD string monthly to make sure it's in place.
Should be replaced in 1 to 10 years, depending on type
Benefits
Effective immediately
Always available
Long lasting and highly effective
Doesn't interrupt sex
Easily reversed
Concerns
Some women have more bleeding or cramping with periods.
May slip out of place
May increase risk of infection called PID (pelvic inflammatory
disease) which can lead to infertility (risk is highest in women who
have multiple sex partners)
Medical risks sometimes include infection or puncture of uterus.
Problems if user becomes pregnant. Call your clinician right away
for: very heavy periods, bleeding between periods, severe cramping,
lost string, IUD felt at cervical opening with fingertip, abdominal
or pelvic pain, fever, chills.
Abstinence (Not Having Sexual Intercourse)
How it works
Prevents sperm from fertilizing egg since sexual intercourse does not
take place
How it's used
Sexual intercourse is avoided. Some people choose to express their
sexual feelings in other ways, and at times choose not to have any
sexual contact.
Benefits
No major health concerns
No exam needed
Always available
Protects against STDs (Sexually Transmitted Diseases)
Concerns
Pregnancy and passage of STDs still may occur if couple's genitals
touch.
How it works
The man pulls his penis out of the vagina before he ejaculates
(comes) to keep sperm from joining egg
Benefits
There are no practical benefits to this method. Withdrawal is
extremely unreliable as a method of birth control -- See
Concerns
Concerns
Not effective against sexually transmitted infections
Some men lack the experience and self-control to pull
out in time.
Some men have been known to say they will pull out, and then they get
so excited and carried away that they don’t.
Some men cannot tell when they are going to ejaculate.
Some men ejaculate very quickly, before they realize it.
Before ejaculation, almost all penises leak fluid that can cause
pregnancy.
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